Toynbee "Filippo_2"
Philip IV, the Fair, king of France, 1285-1314; he was second son (born in 1268) of Philip III, whom he succeeded (his elder brother Louis having died in 1276), and brother of Charles of Valois; he married, in 1284, Jeanne, daughter of Henry I of Navarre, by whom he became the father of three kings of France and Navarre, viz. Louis X, Philip V, and Charles IV, and of one daughter, Isabella, who (in 1308) married Edward II of England. [Arrigo_7: Carlo_4: Filippo_1: Navarra: Table VIII.]

The reign of Philip the Fair is famous for his bitter quarrel with Boniface VIII:

The quarrel . . . is one of the great epochs in the Papal history, the turning point after which, for a time at least, the Papacy sank with a swift and precipitate descent, and from which it never rose again to the same commanding height. It led rapidly, if not directly and immediately, to that debasing period which has been called the Babylonian captivity of the Popes in Avignon during which they became not much more than the slaves of the Kings of France. [H. H, Milman, History of Latin Christianity (London, 1855), v. p. 220]

The origin of the quarrel was the taxation of the clergy by Philip, which led to the issue of the famous bull Clericis laicos (1296), in which Boniface declared the property of the Church to be severed from all secular obligations, and himself as pope to be the one exclusive trustee of all possessions held throughout Christendom by the clergy, on which no aid or subsidy could be raised without his consent. Philip replied that if the clergy might not be taxed for the exigencies of France, or be in any way tributary to the king, France would cease to be tributary to the pope; and he issued an edict prohibiting the export of gold, silver, and valuables from the kingdom, thus depriving the pope of all supplies from France. After a lull the quarrel culminated in the excommunication of the French king by Boniface, to which Philip replied by seizing the pope's person at Anagni, an outrage which soon resulted in the death of Boniface. After the brief pontificate of Benedict XI, a Frenchman, Bertrand de Got, archbishop of Bordeaux, was elected pope as Clement V by the influence of Philip, in whose hands he became little more than a tool. During his pontificate the papal see was transferred (1309) to Avignon, and the Order of the Templars at the instigation of Philip was cruelly persecuted, and finally suppressed, the last grand master, Jacques de Molay, being burned at the stake (1314).

On Nov. 29, 1314, Philip died from the effects of a fall from his horse, which was overthrown by the charge of a wild boar.

Nel anno 1314 del mese di Novembre, il re Filippo re di Francia, il quale avea regnato ventinove anni, morì disavventuratamente, che essendo a una caccia, uno porco salvatico gli s'attraversò tra le gambe ai cavallo in su che era, e fecelne cadere, e poco appresso morì. Questi fu de' più belli uomini del mondo, e de' maggiori di persona, e bene rispondente in ogni membro, savio da sè e buono uomo era, secondo laico, ma per seguire i suoi diletti, e massimamente in caccia, sì non disponea le sue virtù al reggimento del reame, anzi le commettea altrui, sicche le più volte si reggea per male consiglio, e quello credea troppo, onde assai pericoli vennero al suo reame. ({Villani. ix. 66}.)

Philip is not mentioned by name in the D.C.; he is referred to by Pope Nicholas III (in Bolgia 3 of Circle VIII of Hell) as chi Francia regge, [Inf. xix. 87]; by Sordello (in Ante-Purgatory) as il mal di Francia, [Purg. vii. 109]; by Hugh Capet (in Circle V of Purgatory) as il novo Pilato, [Purg. xx. 91] [Pilato]; by the Eagle in the Heaven of Jupiter as Quei che morrà di colto di cotenna, [Par. xix. 120]; his relations with the papal see, and with Clement V in particular, are typified by the dealings of the giant (gigante, [Purg. xxxii. 152]; [Purg. xxxiii. 45]; feroce drudo, [Purg. xxxii. 155]) with the harlot in the Procession in the Terrestrial Paradise, [Purg. xxxii. 148-160]; [Purg. xxxiii. 44-45] [Processione mistica]; he himself is typified by Goliath, the second David being the Emperor Henry VII, Epist. vii. 29 [Arrigo_2]; and by Demetrius, king of Syria, Clement V being typified by Alcimus, the high priest, Epist. xi. 8 [Alcimus]; his intrigues with Clement V, [Inf. xix. 87]; [Purg. xxxii. 148-160]; [Purg. xxxiii. 44-45]; Epist. xi. 8 [Clemente_2]; the son of Philip III and son-inlaw of Henry I of Navarre, [Purg. vii. 109] [Arrigo_7]; his imprisonment of Boniface VIII at Anagni, [Purg. xx. 91] [Alagna: Bonifazio_1]; his persecution of the Templars, [Purg. xx. 92-93] [Templari]; his debasement of the French coinage, [Par. xix. 118-119]; his death, [Par. xix. 120] [Aquila_2].

©Oxford University Press 1968. From A Dictionary of Proper Names and Notable Matters in the Works of Dante by Paget Toynbee (1968) by permission of Oxford University Press